Expression of exogenous genes in animals is hampered by natural systems developed to avoid expression of toxic factors. When functionality is assayed in animal models, many of these methods behave differently and do not yield high expression levels for long periods of time. However, most of the tools described to increase expression of exogenous genes have been evaluated in cultured cells. These methods function either by inducing replication of episomal DNA or integration of exogenous DNA into the cell genome. Interestingly, methods that allow replication of exogenous DNA upon cell division also have been described. ![]() ![]() These include enhancers and promoters, which increase transcription introns and mRNA stabilization and transport sequences, which favour processing and accumulation of mRNAs and translation enhancers, which increase translation efficiency.Īdditionally, several protocols have been described to improve introduction of exogenous DNA in the nucleus of the cell of interest and increase nuclear DNA stability. ![]() To obtain high expression, several sequences have been described. ![]() High expression levels over long periods of time are required for many gene therapy applications.
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